Articles Tagged with russia

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This post marks the third entry in our Year-in-Review series. For prior posts, click here.

Many of the first measures that the United States, European Union and United Kingdom collectively took against Russia in 2022 related to aircraft and international air travel. As the conflict broke out, each jurisdiction quickly prevented Russian actors from entering their airspace. Over the past year, export controls on the aviation industry and sanctions on companies that support the Russian aviation sector have grown increasingly complex. Those rules have also been applied to Russia’s ally, Belarus. Meanwhile, Russia has imposed a number of significant countermeasures in order to keep aircraft within Russia. Below, we explore how key sanctions on Russia have affected the aviation industry. 

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EU’s Ninth Package

On Friday 16 December 2022 the EU issued its ninth package of sanctions against Russia.  Under the new package:

  • Asset freezes have been imposed against 174 new individuals and entities including National Media Group, Credit Bank of Moscow, Dalnevostochniy Bank, AVO TV-Novosti, the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (VGTRK), and various other manufacturing businesses, Russian military leaders, oligarchs, and their family members. The Russian Regional Development Bank is also now subject to a transaction ban.
  • The prohibition on broadcasting (or enabling or facilitating the broadcast) of content by Russian media entities has been extended to cover NTV / NTV Mir, Rossiya 1, REN TV, and Pervyi Kanal.
  • The prohibition on Russian oil has been amended. Certain products derived from Russian oil exported into Bulgaria on the basis of the Bulgaria-specific derogation now cannot be sold to other countries. However, the Bulgarian authority may licence the supply of Russian crude oil derived products to Ukraine provided the products are for exclusive use in Ukraine, or into third countries where environmental or safety risks prevent the products being stored in Bulgaria.  The Hungarian and Slovakian authorities may also licence the sale of oil derived products obtained from Russian oil under the Hungary/Slovakia specific derogations for exclusive use in Ukraine.
  • Liquefied Natural Gas (“LNG”) has been taken out of scope of the Article 3m and 3n petroleum products restrictions (due to come into force in February). New reporting obligations have been implemented relating to the purchase of LNG.  All transactions related to the purchase, import, or transfer into the EU or a third country of LNG (CN 2709 00 10) originating in or exported from Russia must be notified to the relevant national competent authority within two weeks.  This will enable the EU Commission to review the functioning of the measures relating to LNG by June 2023.
  • New services bans have been placed on the provision of market research and public opinion polling services, technical testing and analysis services, and advertising services to Russian entities. According to the definitions included in the relevant EU Decision:
    • “Market research and public opinion polling services” covers market research services and public opinion polling services.
    • “Technical testing and analysis services” covers composition and purity testing and analysis services, testing and analysis services of physical properties, testing and analysis services of integrated mechanical and electrical systems, technical inspection services, as well as other technical testing and analysis services.
    • “Advertising services” covers the sale or leasing services of advertising space or time and the planning, creating and placement services of advertising, as well as other advertising services.

A wind down has been included until 16 January 2023 for contracts entered into prior to 17 December 2022.  The new restriction is subject to the existing exemption for Russian subsidiaries of EEA, Swiss, or “partner country” companies.

  • A new prohibition has been imposed on investments in the Russian “mining and quarrying sector”. The mining and quarrying sector is defined as “a sector covering the location, extraction, management and processing activities relating to non-energy producing materials”.  The prohibition bans the acquisition or extension of participation in Russian companies involved in this sector, as well as the granting of loans or financial assistance or the creation of joint ventures with such companies.  Associated investment services are also banned.  Exemptions are included for Russian subsidiaries of EU companies or for certain mining and quarrying activities related to specific materials listed in the new Annex XXX to Regulation (EU) 833/2014.
  • The list of goods which are subject to restrictions (including goods and technology which could contribute to the enhancement of Russian industrial capacities and goods which might contribute to Russia’s military and technological enhancement or the development of its defence and security) has been expanded.
  • New entities have been added to the EU’s list of groups associated with Russia’s military and industrial complex (including entities based in Crimea and Sevastopol to avoid circumvention). The designation imposes a presumption of denial for licence requests for exports of certain controlled goods.
  • EU credit institutions must supply to their national competent authority (or the EU Commission) by no later than 27 May 2023 a list of deposits exceeding €100,000 held by non-Russian entities that are 50%+ owned by Russian nationals. Such figures must be updated every 12 months.
  • The prohibition on holding positions in the governing body now applies to all entities which are publicly controlled or have over 50 % public ownership, or in which Russia, its Government or Central Bank has the right to participate in profits or with which Russia, its Government or Central Bank has other substantial economic relationship and the subsidiaries of such entities (whether or not listed in the relevant Annex). Licensing grounds exist for joint ventures, EU subsidiaries, companies relating to critical energy supply, and companies involved in the transit of Russian oil.  Various wind down provisions are also included.
  • An extension has been implemented to the existing aviation and space goods and technology ban to now cover engines and parts (CN 8407 10 and 8409 10). New derogations have been included for satellite safety and humanitarian purposes.
  • A new general wind-down licensing ground has been included to enable continued trade until 30 September 2023 in restricted goods that were already located in Russia at the time the relevant restriction was implemented provided that the trade is necessary for the divestment from Russia, and certain conditions are met.
  • A new asset freeze licensing ground has also been included, allowing for trade with designated persons that play a significant role in the international trade of agricultural and food products, including fertilisers and wheat.

UK Measures

On Thursday 15 December, the UK laid the Russia (Sanctions) (EU Exit) (Amendment) (No. 17) Regulations 2022 before Parliament.  The new regulations:

  • Extend the UK service ban to now cover: (a) accounting services, (b) advertising services, (c) architectural services, (d) auditing services, (e) business and management consulting services, (f) engineering services, (g) IT consultancy and design services, or (h) public relations services. Notably, legal services are not in scope.
  • Introduce new entries to the lists of critical-industry goods and technology, and defence and security goods and technology that are subject to an export ban.
  • Prohibit the provision of trust services to designated persons (or for their benefit), and blocks the provision of new trust services to persons connected with Russia (or for their benefit).
  • Introduce amendments to existing restrictions on dealing with securities or money market instruments and loans or credit arrangements with a person connected with Russia.
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Various reports indicate that the Group of Seven nations (G7) will announce its initial capped price for Russian-origin crude oil transported by maritime means (“seaborne”) this week. The cap will come into effect on December 5, 2022, for crude oil (including condensate) and February 5, 2023, for petroleum products.

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In the final few days of September, the U.S. and global allies issued a number of sanctions and export controls against actors who have supported Russia’s referendums in Ukraine and related attempts to annex four Ukrainian territories. The referendums have been condemned by the Group of 7 (G7) nations, which committed to imposing further economic costs on individuals and entities both inside and outside of Russia.

The latest measures include actions by the Office of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), the U.S. Department of State, and the United Kingdom (UK) Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI), as well as further announcements from the European Union (EU), described in turn below.

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EU introduces a sixth package of sanctions.

On June 3, 2022, the EU adopted a sixth package of sanctions against Russia which includes economic, individual, media and diplomatic measures. (See the full text of the regulation here.) Continue reading →

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On February 27, 2022, the U.S., UK and EU announced their agreement that certain Russian banks would be delisted from the Belgian-based Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). The EU, which has jurisdiction over SWIFT, implemented sanctions measures that will ban the organization, effective March 12, 2022, from providing financial messaging support anywhere in the world for the following Russian financial institutions and their Russian subsidiaries:

  • Bank Otkritie;
  • Novikombank;
  • Promsvyazbank (PSB);
  • Bank Rossiya;
  • Sovcombank;
  • Vnesheconombank (VEB); and
  • VTB Bank

The SWIFT announcement has raised questions about how this action relates to existing sanctions and general licenses for Russian banks. We explore the differences below.

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The EU and UK have imposed additional export controls and sanctions with respect to Russia and Belarus connected to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Below is a summary of key developments over recent days since our last blog post on EU and UK developments [here]. This is a rapidly developing area and future blog posts will summarize further developments.

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On February 24, 2022, the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) issued a final rule effective immediately imposing sweeping export control restrictions against Russia in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. On March 2, 2022, BIS issued another final rule effective immediately imposing the same export restrictions against Belarus in response to Belarus’s role enabling Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. These actions are part of a larger set of recent sanctions and export control restrictions imposed by the U.S., UK, EU, Japan and other allies. Please see our prior posts available here, here, here, here, here, and here discussing recent sanctions and export control developments against Russia.

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On February 24, 2022, in response to Russia’s attack on Ukraine, President Biden announced further sanctions on Russian individuals and entities. These measures are in addition to those already announced on February 22 and 23 and are primarily targeted at Russia’s financial sector.

These sanctions are part of a global, coordinated effort to maximize consequences for Russia’s actions and show solidarity for Ukraine’s sovereignty. Global partners, including the UK, EU, Canada, Australia and Japan, have also issued sanctions.

Measures were taken both by the Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC) and the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). The below contains a summary of recent OFAC sanctions action. We published a separate alert detailing recent amendments to the US Export Administration Regulations (EAR).

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In response to President Putin’s televised recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics (“DNR” and “LNR”) of Ukraine as “independent” nations, and reports of Russian troops being ordered into Ukrainian territory, the United States has imposed Crimea-style comprehensive sanctions on the DNR and LNR prohibiting new U.S. investment as well as imports and exports to and from the regions. The EU and the UK have sanctioned banks and oligarchs, and Germany has suspended certifications on the NordStream2 pipeline project.

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